BREADSPEAK (FADE KASE)

A constructed language by Jack Eisenmann

This page was generated from https://github.com/ostracod/breadspeak at 10:59 AM (EDT), October 31st, 2020.

I started creating BreadSpeak in January 2018 as a personal conlang. I designed BreadSpeak to meet the following goals:

• Should closely follow my personal preferences
• Should contain approximately 600 words
• Should use CV syllable structure
• Should employ less ambiguous grammar than my previous languages
• Should be moderately efficient to use

BreadSpeak draws inspiration from many of my previous conlangs. BreadSpeak also includes some suggestions from external sources. The following list shows the origins of various features:

• Zese → Basic grammar
• Zese → Phonology
• Zese → System of word categories
• Zese → Etymological spelling of words
• Keru → System of antonyms
• Keru → Base dictionary definitions
• Pegakibo → Script
• Vötgil → Lexicon size
• Conlang Critic → More pronouns
• Conlang Critic → Improved particles

PHONOLOGY AND ORTHOGRAPHY

Every syllable consists of a single consonant followed by a single vowel. Every word consists of a chain of consecutive syllables. Emphasis falls on the first syllable, and then alternatives every other syllable.

BreadSpeak has ten consonants:

• k = /k/ as in "Can"
• g = /g/ as in "Get"
• s = /s/ as in "Set"
• z = /z/ as in "Zip"
• t = /t/ as in "Tan"
• d = /d/ as in "Dot"
• f = /f/ as in "Fan"
• v = /v/ as in "Van"
• p = /p/ as in "Pan"
• b = /b/ as in "Ban"

BreadSpeak has five vowels:

• i = /i/ as in "Beet"
• e = /e/ as in "Bet
• a = /a/ as in "Bat"
• o = /o/ as in "Boat"
• u = /u/ as in "Boot"

Words may be written in the Roman alphabet or BreadSpeak syllabary:

Every word containing more than one syllable belongs to a semantic category. The semantic category of a word is determined by its first syllable. The meaning of a multi-syllable word pertains in some way to its category.

• Vedo (water), veto (metal), and veka (lumber) pertain to materials.
• Kasa (talk), kabo (word), and kapa (know) pertain to knowledge and communication.
• Bebi (light), bezo (sound), and bete (yellow) pertain to stimuli.

By altering the vowel of a category syllable, the speaker can express the antonym of a word. There are two possible vowel modifications of this kind:

• _e (original) → _i (antonym)
• _a (original) → _u (antonym)

Examples:

• Keda (hot) → Kida (cold)
• Segu (common) → Sigu (rare)
• Gagi (good) → Gugi (bad)
• Taso (after) → Tuso (before)

The speaker may perform this transformation for any multi-syllable word. However, the antonym of a word may not always be intelligible. (Ex: Fudu = anti-potato, which probably doesn't make sense.)

GRAMMAR

Every word has exactly one part of speech.

BreadSpeak has seven parts of speech, some of which feature different variations:

• Noun
• Descriptor
• Verb
• Preposition
• Conjunction (wide and narrow)
• Numeric
• Particle (delimiting, enclosing, and singleton)

Nouns include living things, inanimate objects, states, and concepts.

• Peka = Person
• Dade = Door
• Katu = Story

Descriptors include qualities, manners, and activities. Descriptors may describe individual nouns, verbs, prepositions, or other descriptors. Descriptors encompass what would be adjectives, adverbs, articles, and intransitive verbs in English.

• Fegi = Happy
• Tatu = Early
• Teso = Walk

Verbs include actions and relationships. All verbs in BreadSpeak are transitive, accepting a subject and direct object.

• Fato = Eat
• Befe = See
• Kako = Signify

Prepositions include relationships and associations. Like verbs, prepositions relate two nouns together, but prepositions have different syntactic behavior.

• Pi = In
• Tase = Until
• Zetu = Except

Conjunctions form lists of words or phrases.

• Ga = And
• Go = Or
• Gu = Exclusive or

Numerics form explicit number values, including integer values and floating point values.

• Seta = Two
• Seso = Six
• Seki = Decimal point

Particles enforce grammatical structure in sentences. Enclosing particles at the start or end of a sentence may be excluded.

PHRASE STRUCTURE

Clauses consist of phrases and particles. Every phrase must follow one of the structures below.

Descriptor phrase structure: (descriptor phrase?) (descriptor word)
The descriptor phrase describes the descriptor word.

Zu gake
Very important
Very important

Teta tedo
Fast spin
Spin quickly

Simple noun phrase structure: (simple noun phrase?) (descriptor phrase?) (noun word)
The descriptor phrase describes the noun word. The noun word is of or pertaining to the noun phrase.

Gefi zafi
Long string
Long string

Peko fadi
Dog food
Dog food

Zapa taza vazu
Book new store
New book store

Noun phrase structure: (simple noun phrase) (preposition phrase?)
The simple noun phrase is involved in the relationship described by the preposition phrase.

Peke paki pevi
Cat near tree
Cat near a tree

Faba zabo pabi bedo zavu
Coffee cup on blue table
Coffee cup on a blue table

Simple preposition phrase structure: (simple preposition phrase?) (descriptor phrase?) (preposition word)
The descriptor phrase describes the preposition word. The preposition word is of or pertaining to the preposition phrase.

Pi di
In toward
Into

Degi paga
Almost above
Almost above

Preposition phrase structure: (simple preposition phrase) (noun phrase?)
The noun phrase is the object of the simple preposition phrase.

Tapi fegu
During party
During a party

Zegi keve zepi
With nice friend
With a nice friend

Verb phrase structure: (verb phrase?) (descriptor phrase?) (verb word)
The descriptor phrase describes the verb word. The verb word is of or pertaining to the verb phrase.

Beva kavo
Loud call
Loudly call

Baka vapu
Hit attack
Attack by hitting

A numeric phrase consists of a sequence of consecutive numeric words. If a numeric phrase is placed at the end of a base clause or clause extension, the numeric phrase behaves as a noun word. Otherwise, the numeric phrase behaves as a descriptor word.

Seto sesa
One seven
Seventeen

Seta seki sesu
Two point five
Two and a half

Seti dado
Four wheel
Four wheels

A narrow conjunction phrase consists of a sequence of individual words separated by narrow conjunction words. Each conjunction word must be the same, and each word must have the same part of speech. A narrow conjunction phrase behaves as the same part of speech as the words it contains.

Feda gi besa daze
Angry and red face
An angry, red face

Kesi pege gi pego pi pede
Cute sheep and pig in grass
A cute sheep and pig in the grass (Both are cute, both are in the grass)

A wide conjunction phrase consists of a sequence of phrases separated by wide conjunction words. Each conjunction word must be the same, and each phrase must have the same type. A wide conjunction phrase behaves as the type of phrase it contains.

Kesi pege ga pego pi pede
Cute sheep and pig in grass
A cute sheep and a pig in the grass (The sheep is cute, but the pig is in the grass)

Dapi gezi ga bega dape
Ocean border and gray sky
Ocean border and gray sky

A conjunction phrase may be enclosed by the particles pa and pu. If a wide conjunction phrase is not enclosed by these particles, it will attempt to incorporate the largest phrases possible in this order:

1. Verb phrase
2. Preposition phrase
3. Simple preposition phrase
4. Noun phrase
5. Simple noun phrase
6. Descriptor phrase

Examples:

Deto zada go kepi zasu
Complete full or wet bag
A completely full or wet bag (Not completely wet)

Deto pa zada go kepi pu zasu
Complete "pa" full or wet "pu" bag
A completely full or wet bag (Either completely full, or completely wet)

Dapu go dafu pago zazu
River or hill in-front-of building
A river or a hill in front of the building (The river is not in front of the building)

Pa dapu go dafu pu pago zazu
"Pa" river or hill "pu" in-front-of building
A river or hill in front of the building (Both are in front of the building)

The particles te and ti may be placed before a verb or preposition to make it behave as a descriptor.

Te bafa peka
"Te" throw person
Throwing person (Person who is throwing)

Ti bafa veta
"Ti" throw veta
Thrown rock (Rock which is thrown)

CLAUSE STRUCTURE

A sentence consists of a clause punctuated by a period, exclamation mark, or question mark. Every base clause must follow one of the structures below.

Verb-object base clause structure: (noun phrase 1?) (verb phrase) (noun phrase 2?)
Noun phrase 1 is the subject. Noun phrase 2 is the direct object and primary object. Noun phrase 1 performs the action of the verb phrase. Noun phrase 2 receives the action of the verb phrase.

Vefa gave pepa.
Rain help plant.
The rain helps the plant.

Gave pepa.
Help plant.
The plant is helped.

Zaso tepa veba.
Vehicle carry sand.
The vehicle carries sand.

Tepa veba.
Carry sand.
The sand is carried.

Verb-preposition base clause structure: (noun phrase?) (verb phrase) (preposition phrase)
The noun phrase is the subject. The first object of the preposition phrase is the primary object. The noun phrase performs the action of the verb phrase. The preposition phrase modifies the action of the verb phrase.

Vefa gave tapi fi tado.
Rain help during this season.
The rain helps during this season.

Zaso tepa pabi zaze.
Vehicle carry on road.
The vehicle carries on the road.

Descriptor base clause structure: (noun phrase?) (descriptor phrase)
The noun phrase is the subject. The descriptor phrase describes the noun phrase.

Vefa tebo.
Rain fall.
The rain is falling.

Zaso kebe.
Vehicle safe.
The vehicle is safe.

Preposition base clause structure: (simple noun phrase?) (preposition phrase)
The noun phrase is the subject. The first object of the preposition phrase is the primary object. The preposition phrase modifies the noun phrase.

Vefa tapi fi tado.
Rain during this season.
The rain is during this season.

Zaso pabi zaze.
Vehicle on road.
The vehicle is on the road.

Noun base clause structure: (simple noun phrase)
The noun phrase is the subject. The emphasis of the clause is on the existence of the noun phrase.

Vefa.
Rain.
There is rain. (It is raining.)

Zaso.
Vehicle.
There is a vehicle.

Clause extension is a mechanism for adding extra detail to a base clause. Clause extension structure is the same as base clause structure, except clause extensions have no noun phrase subject. The structures below are valid for clause extensions.

Verb-object clause extension structure: (verb phrase) (noun phrase?)
Verb-preposition clause extension structure: (verb phrase) (preposition phrase)
Preposition clause extension structure: (preposition phrase)
Descriptor clause extension structure: (descriptor phrase)

Ka bezo
Cause noise
Causes noise

Fedo tapi tubi
Entertain during night
Is entertaining during the night

Tapi fi tado
During this season
During this season

Zu gagi
Very good
Is very good

Clause extensions are placed after a base clause, and are each immediately preceded by the particle so. The subject of a clause extension is the state, quality, action, or process of its base clause.

Structure of clause with one clause extension: (base clause) "so" (clause extension)
The subject of the clause extension is the state, quality, action or process of the base clause.

Vefa gave pepa so tapi fi tado.
Rain help plant "so" during this season.
The rain helps the plant during this season.

Zaso kebe so pabi zaze.
Vehicle safe "so" on road.
The vehicle is safe on the road.

Vefa baka dadu so ka bezo.
Rain hit ground "so" cause noise.
The act of the rain hitting the ground causes noise.

Zaso kebe so feki peto.
Vehicle safe "so" surprise adult.
The fact that the vehicle is safe surprises the adult.

A clause may be embedded in another clause by using specific particles. An embedded clause behaves as a noun. The meaning of this noun depends on the particles chosen. An embedded clause starts with the particle da, fa, or va, and ends with the corresponding particle du, fu, or vu.

Peta befo da vefa gave pepa du.
Child watch "da" rain help plant "du".
A child watches the rain help the plant. (The child is watching the process)

Peta befo fa vefa gave pepa fu.
Child watch "fa" rain help plant "fu".
A child watches the rain which is helping the plant.

Peta befo va vefa gave pepa vu.
Child watch "va" rain help plant "vu".
A child watches the plant which is being helped by the rain.

Da zaso tepa veba du ka bepe.
"Da" vehicle carry sand "du" create smell.
The vehicle carrying sand creates a smell. (The process creates a smell)

Fa zaso tepa veba fu ka bepe.
"Fa" vehicle carry sand "fu" create smell.
The vehicle which carries sand creates a smell.

Va zaso tepa veba vu ka bepe.
"Va" vehicle carry sand "vu" create smell.
The sand which is being carried by the vehicle creates a smell.

If an embedded clause contains only one word, then it may be preceded by do, fo, or vo instead of being surrounded by enclosing particles.

Peta befo do gave.
Child watch "do" help.
A child watches the helping.

Peta befo fo gave.
Child watch "fo" help.
A child watches the thing which is helping.

Peta befo vo gave.
Child watch "vo" help.
A child watches the thing which is being helped.

Do tepa ka bepe.
"Do" carry create smell.
The carrying creates a smell.

Fo tepa ka bepe.
"Fo" carry create smell.
The thing which carries creates a smell.

Vo tepa ka bepe.
"Vo" carry create smell.
The thing which is being carried creates a smell.

A direct address delimited by commas may be placed anywhere in a clause.

Kedi peko, ke vatu tu fato fe gapu!
Crazy dog, you should not eat that garbage!
Crazy dog, you should not eat that garbage!

Ki feta si gavo, gagi zepi.
I love the gift, good friend.
I love the gift, good friend.

USAGE OF SPECIFIC WORDS

To form an imperative sentence, use the word vaku.

Vaku gave pepa!
"Vaku" help plant!
Help the plant!

Vaku tepa veba!
"Vaku" carry sand!
Carry the sand!

To form a question about the probability of something or whether it is true, use the word saze.

Vefa saze gave pepa?
Rain "saze" help plant?
Is the rain helping the plant?

Zaso saze tepa veba?
Vehicle "saze" carry sand?
Is the vehicle carrying sand?

To form a question about the identity of something, use the word sazi.

Vefa gave sazi pepa?
Rain help which plant?
Which plant is the rain helping?

Sazi zaso tepa veba?
Which vehicle carry sand?
Which vehicle is carrying sand?

To form a question about the extent or degree of something, use the word saza.

Ke saza fedi?
You how-much tired?
How tired are you?

Saza sezu favu pi zapi?
How many dish in container?
How many dishes are in the container?

By default, va and vu refer to the primary object of a word. To refer to another object, use the word savo.

Peta befo va vefa gave pepa so pi dadu vu.
Child watch "va" rain help plant "so" in land "vu".
A child watches the plant which is being helped by the rain in the land.

Peta befo va vefa gave pepa so pi savo dadu vu.
Child watch "va" rain help plant "so" in "savo" land "vu".
A child watches the land in which the rain is helping the plant.

Va zaso tepa veba so pabi zaze vu ka bepe.
"Va" vehicle carry sand "so" on road "vu" create smell.
The sand which is being carried by the vehicle on the road creates a smell.

Va zaso tepa veba so pabi savo zaze vu ka bepe.
"Va" vehicle carry sand "so" on "savo" road "vu" create smell.
The road on which the vehicle carries sand creates a smell.

The word savo may also be used to refer to descriptors and prepositions in an embedded clause.

Da pebe savo teta tepe du deku pesa.
"Da" bird "savo" fast fly "du" relative-to bug.
The bird is flying quickly relative to the bug.

Da peka savo kepa tepa peti du gako da bo tu gedi du.
"Da" person "savo" careful carry egg "du" for "da" it not break "du".
The person carried the egg carefully so that it would not break.

To refer to whether an embedded clause is true, use the word sase.

Zo tu kapa sase da fapa gaki du.
They not know "sase" "da" vegetable ready "du".
They do not know whether the vegetable is ready.

Ki fepa sase da ke feta si fesa du.
I care "sase" "da" you enjoy the music "du".
I care about whether you enjoy the music.

To convert a cardinal number to an ordinal number, use the word zeku.

Zeku sesu
"Zeku" five
Fifth

Zeku seti sesi
"Zeku" four nine
Forty-ninth

To perform arithmetic operations on quantities, use the words sede, sepi, seva, sevo, and sedu.

Seta geso sede sesu
Two circle "sede" five
Two circles plus five (Seven circles)

Seto geso sipi sete
One circle "sipi" three
One third of a circle

Sese geso sevo seso
Eight circle "sevo" six
Eight million circles

To swap the roles of subject and object for a verb or preposition, use the word zedo.

Zake pasu kaka.
Computer store information.
The computer stores information.

Kaka zedo pasu zake.
Information "zedo" store computer.
Information is stored by the computer.

Si vaza zedu do keve.
The religion about "do" nice.
The religion is about kindness.

Do keve zedo zedu si vaza.
"Do" nice "zedo" about the religion.
The religion is about kindness. (Kindness is being "abouted" by the religion)

BreadSpeak has a variety of words which describe extent. The list below shows some examples.

• Dede = Extent
• Zu = Very (Having a large extent)
• Desu = Too much (Having an excessive extent)
• Saza = How much (Having an interrogative extent)

If a word is a quality or action, then the extent of the word is its intensity. Otherwise, the extent of the word is its geometric size.

Zaza zu vega.
Clothing very soft.
The clothing is very soft.

Vepa deto zapu gegu.
Paper completely cover box.
The paper completely covers the box.

Paso desu.
World too-much.
The world is too big.

Ki befe dego dabi.
I see enough window.
I see a window which is big enough.

Ke zepa saza vedi?
You have how-much oil?
How much oil do you have?

BreadSpeak also has words which describe countable quantity. The list below shows some examples.

• Seku = Quantity
• Seko = Several (Having a quantity greater than one)
• Sezu = Many (Having a large quantity)
• Sesa = Seven

Countable quantity always refers to the number of distinct entities, not their geometric size.

Sezu fagu
Many cheese
Many pieces of cheese

Zu fagu
Very cheese
A lot of cheese (The number of pieces is unknown)

Zu gi seto fagu
Very and one cheese
One big piece of cheese

EXTENDED WORDS

For convenience, a sequence of numeric words may be collapsed into a single word with fewer total syllables. This new word must begin with se- followed by syllables representing each of the original numeric words. The list below shows valid syllable representations.

• -tu = Setu (Zero)
• -to = Seto (One)
• -ta = Seta (Two)
• -te = Sete (Three)
• -ti = Seti (Four)
• -su = Sesu (Five)
• -so = Seso (Six)
• -sa = Sesa (Seven)
• -se = Sese (Eight)
• -si = Sesi (Nine)
• -ki = Seki (Decimal point)

Examples:

• Setotu = Ten
• Setasu = Twenty five
• Sesatese = Seven hundred thirty eight

The following syllables are also available as operators in extended numeric words.

• -du = Sedu (Negative)
• -vo = Sevo (Ten raised to a power)

Examples:

• Seduti = Negative four
• Setovote = One thousand
• Setasuvosi = Twenty five billion

An extended ordinal number word begins with Zeku- followed by the same syllables listed above.

• Zekuta = Second
• Zekusu = Fifth
• Zekutotu = Tenth

DICTIONARY

Abbreviations:

SINGLE SYLLABLE

Da (Enclosing Particle): Start of embedded clause; refers to the state, quality, action, or process of the base clause.
Du (Enclosing Particle): End of embedded clause; refers to the state, quality, action, or process of the base clause.
Do (Singleton Particle): Precedes a single word; refers to the state, quality, action, or process of the word.
Fa (Enclosing Particle): Start of embedded clause; refers to the subject of the base clause.
Fu (Enclosing Particle): End of embedded clause; refers to the subject of the base clause.
Fo (Singleton Particle): Precedes a single word; refers to the subject of the word.
Va (Enclosing Particle): Start of embedded clause; refers to the primary object of the base clause.
Vu (Enclosing Particle): End of embedded clause; refers to the primary object of the base clause.
Vo (Singleton Particle): Precedes a single word; refers to the object of the word.
Te (Singleton Particle): Converts a word to a descriptor whose subject is the subject of the original word.
Ti (Singleton Particle): Converts a word to a descriptor whose subject is the object of the original word.
So (Delimiting Particle): Precedes a clause extension.
Pa (Enclosing Particle): Start of conjunction phrase.
Pu (Enclosing Particle): End of conjunction phrase.
Gi (Narrow Conjunction): And; both.
Ga (Wide Conjunction): And; both.
Go (Wide Conjunction): Or; either; one or both.
Gu (Wide Conjunction): Xor; exactly one but not both.
Ke (N): You; singular.
Ki (N): I/me.
Be (N): You all; plural.
Bi (N): We/us.
To (N): He/him.
Po (N): She/her.
Bo (N): It.
Zo (N): They/them; genderless.
Ko (N): They/them; plural.
Ge (N): Self; refers to the subject of the containing clause.
Su (N): Thing; the most general noun; stuff.
Se (D): A not previously mentioned one; some.
Si (D): The previously mentioned one.
Fe (D): That; a more distant one.
Fi (D): This; a closer one.
Ve (D): There.
Vi (D): Here.
Ba (D): Future tense.
Bu (D): Past tense.
Ze (D): Then.
Zi (D): Now; current; present.
Ta (D): True; real; actual; accurate; correct; yes; genuine.
Tu (D): False; not; no.
Sa (V): Be an instance of.
Ka (V): Cause; create; because; build; construct; craft; establish; generate; produce.
Ku (V): Prevent; destroy.
Pe (P): Out; outside.
Pi (P): In; inside; at.
De (P): From; away from.
Di (P): To; toward.
Za (D): Not a lot; a little; slight; little; small.
Zu (D): Very; a lot; big; large; extensive; grand; quite.

POSITION AND ROTATION (PA–)

Papo (N): Position; location; place; site.
Pado (N): Rotation; orientation; direction; angle.
Pagu (P): To the right of. Pugu (*): To the left of.
Pafu (D): Right; the direction. Pufu (*): Left.
Pago (P): In front of; ahead of; beyond. Pugo (*): Behind.
Pafo (D): Forward. Pufo (*): Backward.
Paga (P): Over; above. Puga (*): Under; below; beneath.
Pafa (D): Up; high. Pufa (*): Down; low.
Pabi (P): On the surface of. Pubi (*): Off.
Paki (P): Near; close to; around; beside; by. Puki (*): Far; distant from.
Pake (D): Together. Puke (*): Apart; separate.
Pazo (N): Middle; center.
Papi (P): Between; among; within. Pupi (*): Surround.
Pasu (V): Keep; store; preserve; retain; save.
Papu (P): Through.
Paka (P): Across.
Pata (P): Perpendicular to.
Patu (P): Parallel to; along.
Pato (P): Diagonal to.
Pavi (D): Vertical.
Pavu (D): Horizontal.
Pade (D): East. Pude (*): West.
Padi (D): North. Pudi (*): South.
Pako (D): Back; toward the original location.
Pagi (N): Home.
Padu (N): Planet; Earth.
Pape (N): Moon.
Pada (N): Star; sun.
Paso (N): World.
Pase (N): Environment; setting; surroundings; context; circumstance; situation; case; condition.

TIME (TA–)

Tata (N): Time.
Taso (P): After; since. Tuso (*): Before; ago.
Tase (P): Until; for the entire duration before.
Tapi (P): While; during; for the entire duration of. Tupi (*): Not while.
Taki (D): Soon. Tuki (*): Eventual.
Tafi (D): Recent; just.
Taka (D): Sudden; abrupt.
Tazi (D): Already.
Taba (D): Not yet; not now, but maybe in the future.
Tabe (D): Still; not having changed; keep doing; continue; remain.
Tazu (D): For a long time; having a large duration. Tuzu (*): For a short time.
Taza (D): New; young; fresh. Tuza (*): Old; elderly; ancient.
Tatu (D): Early. Tutu (*): Late.
Tate (D): Temporary. Tute (*): Permanent.
Take (N): Minute.
Tako (N): Hour.
Tadi (N): Day; a period of 24 hours.
Tabi (N): Day; the time when the sun is in the sky. Tubi (*): Night.
Tade (N): Week.
Tada (N): Month.
Tado (N): Season.
Tadu (N): Year.

GEOMETRY (GE–)

Gega (N): Shape; form; figure; structure.
Gesu (N): Rectangle; square.
Geso (N): Circle; oval.
Gegu (N): Prism; block; box; cylinder.
Gego (N): Ball; sphere.
Gepu (N): Pipe; tube.
Gebu (N): Wave.
Gefu (N): Bump; lump; pile; mound; heap.
Gese (N): Net; mesh; network; web.
Geki (N): Corner; vertex; point.
Geke (N): Edge; line; length; distance; range; span; interval.
Geka (N): Area of a surface; region; zone.
Geku (N): Volume; amount of space.
Gezi (N): Border; outline; frame; profile.
Geze (N): Surface; side; face; skin.
Gezo (N): Side; neither the top nor the bottom.
Gefa (N): Top; peak. Gifa (*): Bottom; base.
Gete (N): Hole; cavity.
Gepe (N): Space; gap.
Gefi (D): Long; tall. Gifi (*): Short.
Gefe (D): Wide; broad. Gife (*): Narrow.
Gefo (D): Thick in a geometric sense; deep; fat. Gifo (*): Thin.
Gebi (D): Straight; direct; immediate.
Gebe (D): Flat.
Gebo (D): Curved; round.
Geza (D): Bumpy; rough. Giza (*): Smooth.
Getu (D): Tapered.
Geti (D): Sharp; pointy. Giti (*): Dull.
Gedi (D): Split; divide; tear; rip; break; crack; snap. Gidi (*): Merge; fuse.
Gepa (V): Connect to; join; attach; tie; mechanically link to. Gipa (*): Disconnect; separate.
Gezu (V): Reach; access.
Gevi (D): Stand.
Geva (D): Sit.
Gevu (D): Lie down.

STIMULI (BE–)

Beki (V): Feel; sense; detect; perceive; witness.
Bebi (N): Light. Bibi (*): Shadow; shade.
Befe (V): See.
Befo (V): Look at; watch; view; examine; inspect; observe.
Beko (V): Show; draw attention to; demonstrate; display; indicate; expose; present; reveal. Biko (*): Hide; conceal.
Bezu (D): Bright; light. Bizu (*): Dark; dim.
Besu (D): Saturated; vibrant. Bisu (*): Pale.
Beti (D): Flash; blink; sparkle; glimmer.
Bebe (N): Color.
Besa (D): Red.
Beta (D): Orange.
Bete (D): Yellow.
Bede (D): Green.
Bedo (D): Blue.
Beso (D): Purple.
Bege (D): White.
Bega (D): Gray.
Bego (D): Black.
Bezo (N): Sound; noise.
Beve (V): Hear.
Bevo (V): Listen.
Beva (D): Loud; noisy. Biva (*): Quiet.
Besi (D): High pitched. Bisi (*): Low pitched.
Beze (N): Buzz; hum.
Bepi (N): Beep; chirp.
Beka (N): Click; tick.
Bepu (N): Taste; flavor.
Bepe (N): Smell; odor.
Bezi (D): Sweet.
Beza (D): Salty.
Bebu (D): Sour.
Beba (D): Bitter.
Begi (D): Spicy.
Begu (D): Umami; meaty.

MOVEMENT (TE–)

Tete (D): Go; move; travel. Tite (*): Stay; not move; remain.
Tepo (V): Move; cause to go. Tipo (*): Stop.
Tepa (V): Carry; bring; transport; deliver; fetch.
Teko (V): Put; place; add. Tiko (*): Take; remove.
Tefa (V): Raise; lift. Tifa (*): Lower.
Teve (V): Send; submit; transmit.
Tedi (V): Come; go toward; arrive; approach. Tidi (*): Leave.
Teda (V): Follow; pursue.
Tezu (V): Enter; go in. Tizu (*): Exit.
Teso (D): Walk; run.
Tebu (D): Reflect; deflect; bounce.
Tebo (D): Fall; drop; collapse; pour; spill.
Tepe (D): Fly.
Tesu (D): Slide; glide; slip.
Tepi (D): Shower; spray.
Tede (D): Spread; disperse. Tide (*): Gather; congregate.
Tezo (D): Shake; vibrate; shiver.
Tedo (D): Spin; turn; rotate; tip; twist. Tido (*): Keep a constant orientation.
Tefo (V): Spin; turn; cause to rotate; tip; twist. Tifo (*): Cause to have a constant orientation.
Tega (N): Path; way; route; channel; course.
Teku (N): Speed; rate; pace.
Teta (D): Fast; quick; rapid. Tita (*): Slow.
Tebe (D): Stable; steady; difficult to change. Tibe (*): Unstable.

FORCE (BA–)

Babu (N): Force.
Babo (N): Gravity; weight.
Babi (N): Contact; touch.
Baba (N): Magnetism.
Bapa (N): Electricity.
Baku (N): Friction.
Bade (V): Push; press; shove. Bude (*): Pull; tug.
Badu (V): Squeeze; compress. Budu (*): Stretch.
Bapo (V): Hold; support; grab.
Bapu (V): Bond to; stick to.
Bati (V): Cut; chop; shear; slice.
Baka (V): Hit; beat; strike; crash; knock.
Bada (V): Brush; comb; sweep.
Baza (V): Rub; drag on; wipe; stroke.
Baze (V): Scratch; scrape.
Bafa (V): Throw; toss. Bufa (*): Catch.
Bafu (V): Shoot; fire.
Bado (D): Bend; fold. Budo (*): Unfold.
Bafo (D): Explode; pop; burst. Bufo (*): Implode.
Bavi (D): Hang.
Badi (N): Energy; power.
Bazu (D): Strong; fit; powerful; tough; sturdy; durable. Buzu (*): Weak; feeble.

EXISTENCE AND IDENTITY (SA–)

Sasa (D): Exist.
Sage (N): Identity.
Sagi (D): Equal; same; identical. Sugi (*): Different; other; another.
Saga (P): Equal to; the same as; identical to. Suga (*): Different than.
Sagu (D): Any.
Sabo (N): Object; item; physical entity.
Sabu (N): Mass; matter.
Satu (N): Event; incident.
Saba (D): Happen; occur.
Savo (D): Specifies the concept to which an embedded clause is referring.
Saki (D): Exact; precise; particular; specific; certain; definite. Suki (*): Vague; general; imprecise.
Sazi (D): Which; which one; interrogative identity.
Saze (D): Does; how likely; interrogative truth or probability.
Saza (D): How much; how; to what degree; interrogative extent.
Sase (D): Whether; if; represents the truth of a clause.
Saka (N): Name; title.
Sade (N): Example; sample; instance; model.
Sako (D): Copy; duplicate; replicate; repeat; multiply.
Sake (D): Possible; can; able to happen; capable of happening; potential. Suke (*): Impossible.
Saku (N): Probability; chance; luck; odds; prospect.
Sazu (D): Probably; likely. Suzu (*): Unlikely.
Sadi (D): May; might; maybe; perhaps.
Sadu (D): Hypothetical; imaginary; conditional; would; subjunctive mood. Sudu (*): Indicative mood.
Sati (D): Start; begin; initiate; launch; proceed; become. Suti (*): Stop; end.
Safi (V): Start; cause to begin; initiate; launch; proceed. Sufi (*): Stop; cause to end.
Sato (D): Complete; finish; be accomplished; be achieved; conclude.
Safo (V): Complete; finish; accomplish; achieve; conclude.
Sata (V): Become; start to be. Suta (*): Become not.

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION (KA–)

Kaka (N): Concept; idea; information; data; signal; notion.
Katu (N): Story; tale; rumor; plot.
Kagi (N): Science.
Kaki (D): Sure; confident; certain; indeed; definite. Kuki (*): Unsure; uncertain.
Kako (V): Mean; signify; imply; indicate; represent; be a symbol for.
Kake (V): Think about; process; calculate; compute; analyze; imagine.
Kapa (V): Know; have knowledge about; be aware of; be conscious of; recognize; be familiar with.
Kape (V): Have the opinion that; think; suppose; believe. Kupe (*): Not believe; doubt.
Kadi (V): Understand; comprehend. Kudi (*): Be confused by; misunderstand.
Kapi (V): Recall; remember; recollect.
Kaba (V): Predict; expect; infer; assume; estimate; judge; guess; suspect; presume; anticipate.
Kata (V): Focus on; notice; pay attention to; concentrate on. Kuta (*): Ignore.
Kati (V): Learn; study; research; investigate. Kuti (*): Forget.
Kate (V): Teach; instruct; educate; lecture.
Kapu (V): Search for; look for; hunt for; seek; try to find. Kupu (*): Avoid.
Kapo (V): Find; discover; measure; determine. Kupo (*): Lose.
Kade (V): Test; experiment with.
Kadu (V): Communicate; state; claim; tell; discuss; express; inform.
Kasa (V): Say; speak; talk; communicate verbally.
Kavo (V): Call; communicate something to get attention.
Kazi (V): Ask; inquire; request information.
Kasi (V): Answer; respond; reply.
Kafa (V): Argue about; debate; dispute; protest.
Kafi (V): Approve; verify; confirm; praise; support; agree with; concur; accept. Kufi (*): Disapprove; disagree with.
Kafo (N): Thank you; thanks; gratitude.
Kave (V): Describe; explain; report.
Kavi (V): Announce; declare; warn; alert; alarm; advertise.
Kabo (N): Word; term.
Kagu (N): Sentence.
Kase (N): Language.
Kafe (N): Hello; hi; salutation; greeting; welcome. Kufe (*): Goodbye; bye.

GOAL (GA–)

Gago (N): Goal; target; project; task; assignment; mission; objective. Gugo (*): Outcome to be avoided.
Gako (P): For; in order to. Guko (*): Against.
Gagi (D): Good. Gugi (*): Bad.
Gaga (D): Okay; decent; acceptable; fine; appropriate; suitable; proper; adequate; correct; right. Guga (*): Unacceptable; inappropriate; wrong.
Gake (D): Valuable; important; critical; crucial; major; serious; significant; vital. Guke (*): Unimportant.
Gaka (D): Useful; helpful; convenient; handy. Guka (*): Useless.
Gaki (D): Ready; prepared. Guki (*): Unprepared.
Gapa (V): Want; hope for; wish for; desire. Gupa (*): Dread.
Gaba (V): Need; require; must. Guba (*): Must not.
Gage (V): Choose; decide; pick; commit; elect; select; vote for.
Gato (V): Use; utilize; employ.
Gatu (V): Try; attempt. Gutu (*): Try not to.
Gati (V): Win; succeed at; defeat; beat; dominate; work. Guti (*): Fail; lose.
Gave (V): Help do something; serve; support; assist; aid. Guve (*): Hinder.
Gasa (N): Purpose; point; reason for existing; role; justification.
Gagu (N): Plan; intention; scheme; strategy; design.
Gaku (N): Problem; conflict; issue; drama; trouble; puzzle; challenge; flaw; emergency; crisis. Guku (*): Harmony; peace.
Gapo (N): Mistake; error; accident. Gupo (*): Intentional action.
Gapu (N): Garbage; trash; pollution. Gupu (*): Treasure.
Gavo (N): Prize; reward; award; bonus; treat; present; gift. Guvo (*): Punishment.

FEELING WITH VALUE (FE–)

Feku (N): Emotion; mood.
Feti (D): Be in pain; ache; hurt. Fiti (*): Experience pleasure; euphoria.
Fegi (D): Happy; glad; content. Figi (*): Unhappy; sad; upset.
Fega (D): Comfortable. Figa (*): Uncomfortable.
Feda (D): Angry; mad.
Fepi (D): Nervous; anxious; worried; stressed. Fipi (*): Calm.
Fepa (V): Care about; have concern for; worry about; respect. Fipa (*): Wish harm upon.
Fetu (D): Guilty; shameful; sorry; embarrassed. Fitu (*): Proud.
Fedi (D): Tired; exhausted; fatigued; sleepy; drowsy; lethargic. Fidi (*): Energetic.
Feta (V): Enjoy; like; love; appreciate; be appealed by; prefer. Fita (*): Dislike; hate.
Fepu (V): Annoy; irritate; bother; disturb. Fipu (*): Soothe.
Feki (V): Surprise; amaze; shock.
Feka (V): Scare; frighten; startle. Fika (*): Reassure.
Fefo (V): Interest; fascinate. Fifo (*): Be uninteresting to.
Fefi (V): Excite; make eager.
Fedo (V): Entertain; be fun to; be funny to. Fido (*): Bore.
Fefa (V): Laugh at.
Febi (V): Play.
Feba (N): Game; sport.
Fegu (N): Party; festival; celebration; ceremony.
Febo (N): Art.
Fesa (N): Music; song; tune.

LIFE (PE–)

Pepi (D): Alive; living. Pipi (*): Dead.
Pepu (D): Natural. Pipu (*): Artifical.
Pebo (N): Body.
Pegi (D): Healthy. Pigi (*): Unhealthy; ill; sick.
Peva (D): Be born.
Peku (D): Decompose; decay; rot.
Pete (N): Baby; infant.
Peta (N): Child; kid; teenager; adolescent.
Peto (N): Adult.
Peze (N): Gender.
Pezu (D): Male.
Pezi (D): Female.
Pepo (N): Fungus; mushroom; mold.
Pepa (N): Plant.
Pedi (N): Seed; bean; nut.
Pevi (N): Tree.
Pede (N): Grass.
Pepe (N): Animal; creature.
Peti (N): Egg.
Peda (N): Mammal.
Peka (N): Person; human.
Peke (N): Cat.
Peko (N): Dog.
Pege (N): Sheep.
Pego (N): Pig.
Pegu (N): Cow.
Pebe (N): Bird.
Peba (N): Chicken.
Peza (N): Reptile; amphibian.
Pedo (N): Fish.
Pesa (N): Arthropod.
Pega (N): Mollusk.
Pevu (D): Sleep. Pivu (*): Be awake.
Pezo (V): Breathe; inhale; exhale.
Pefo (V): Have sex with.

PARTS (DA–)

Dagi (N): Part; piece; component; element; factor; section.
Dadu (N): Land; ground.
Dapi (N): Ocean; sea; lake; pond.
Dapu (N): River; stream.
Dafu (N): Hill; mountain.
Dape (N): Sky.
Dazu (N): Room; chamber.
Davi (N): Wall.
Davu (N): Floor.
Dabi (N): Window.
Dafa (N): Level; layer; shelf.
Dafo (N): Stair; step.
Dadi (N): Hinge; joint.
Dade (N): Door; gate.
Dado (N): Wheel.
Dabe (N): Button; key; switch.
Dapo (N): Knob; handle.
Dafi (N): Rod; pole; axle; track; rail; bar; prong.
Dazo (N): Torso; trunk.
Daku (N): Head.
Daze (N): Face of a person or animal.
Davo (N): Mouth.
Dafe (N): Eye.
Dagu (N): Appendage; limb; branch; arm; leg; neck.
Dage (N): Finger; toe; stick.
Dasu (N): Leaf.
Dabu (N): Hand.
Date (N): Foot.
Dada (N): Hair; strand of fur; feather.
Daga (N): Organ.
Dasa (N): Cell; part of an organism.
Daza (N): Atom.
Daba (N): Proton.
Dabo (N): Neutron.
Dapa (N): Electron.

MATERIALS (VE–)

Vepu (N): Material; substance.
Vepo (N): Solid.
Vepi (N): Liquid.
Vepe (N): Gas; material in a gaseous state.
Vedo (N): Water.
Vezo (N): Air; atmosphere.
Veda (N): Fire; flame.
Vege (N): Cloud; steam; smoke.
Veta (N): Rock; stone.
Veba (N): Sand.
Veto (N): Metal.
Veke (N): Gem; crystal; jewel.
Vedu (N): Soil; dirt.
Vefu (N): Clay; dough.
Vese (N): Cotton.
Vebu (N): Rubber.
Vefo (N): Fat; butter.
Vesa (N): Blood.
Veka (N): Lumber; wood.
Veko (N): Bone.
Vepa (N): Paper.
Veza (N): Cloth.
Vedi (N): Oil.
Veti (N): Plastic.
Vetu (N): Asphalt; tar.
Vete (N): Ceramic; cement.
Vebi (N): Glass.
Vefa (N): Rain; snow; precipitation.
Vevo (N): Acid; acidic liquid. Vivo (*): Basic liquid.
Vegi (N): Medicine; drug. Vigi (*): Poison; venom.
Vego (N): Soap.
Vebe (N): Powder; dust.
Vede (N): Foam; sponge.
Vega (D): Flexible; soft. Viga (*): Hard; firm.
Vefe (D): Clear; transparent; obvious. Vife (*): Opaque.
Vezu (D): Viscous; thick; gooey. Vizu (*): Thin; runny.
Vebo (D): Dense. Vibo (*): Having a low density.
Veku (P): Made of; comprised of; composed of; consisting of.

QUANTITY (SE–)

Seku (N): Quantity; amount; number; proportion.
Seka (N): Unit; meter; second; gram; newton; degree; degree celsius; dollar.
Sezi (N): Limit; constraint; boundary; restriction.
Seko (D): Plural; more than one; several; some.
Sezu (D): Many; a lot; often; frequent; numerous. Sizu (*): Few; not a lot.
Seda (D): Every; all; each. Sida (*): None.
Segu (D): Common; usual; normal; average; ordinary; regular; standard; tend to; typical. Sigu (*): Uncommon; unusual.
Sego (D): Most; the majority; almost all. Sigo (*): The minority.
Sedo (D): Only; just; alone; unique; sole.
Seve (D): Again; another time.
Sevi (D): Also; too; in addition.
Sede (P): Add a number. Side (*): Subtract.
Sepi (P): Multiply a number. Sipi (*): Divide.
Seva (P): Exponentiate a number. Siva (*): Logarithm.
Sevo (P): Multiply by ten raised to a number.
Sedu (D): Negative; less than zero. Sidu (*): Positive.
Setu (Numeric): Zero; no; none.
Seto (Numeric): One; single; individual.
Seta (Numeric): Two; a couple of; a pair of.
Sete (Numeric): Three.
Seti (Numeric): Four.
Sesu (Numeric): Five.
Seso (Numeric): Six.
Sesa (Numeric): Seven.
Sese (Numeric): Eight.
Sesi (Numeric): Nine.
Seki (Numeric): Decimal point.

EXTENT AND ACTION (DE–)

Dede (N): Extent; degree; intensity.
Deki (D): As; to a certain extent; so.
Dezi (P): As much as; to the same extent as.
Deko (D): More; having a greater degree. Diko (*): Less.
Dezo (P): More than; having a greater degree than. Dizo (*): Less than.
Deda (D): Most; having the greatest degree. Dida (*): Least.
Deto (D): Total; complete; full; whole; entire; thorough. Dito (*): None.
Dedi (D): Partial; some; somewhat.
Dego (D): Enough; sufficient; adequate. Digo (*): Insufficient.
Dega (D): Extra; spare.
Desu (D): Too much; excessive.
Dezu (D): Extreme; radical; severe; intense. Dizu (*): Mellow.
Dedo (D): Even; pertaining to a surprising extent.
Degi (D): Almost; nearly; virtually.
Desa (D): Opposite; inverse in meaning.
Deku (P): Relative to; with respect to; than.
Detu (N): Action; activity.
Deka (V): Do; perform; participate in an action. Dika (*): Undo.
Desi (V): Respond to; react.
Deta (V): Wait for.
Defi (V): Bear; withstand; endure; suffer; stand; cope with; last.
Dedu (V): Act upon; affect; influence.
Depi (V): Interrupt; interfere.
Deke (D): Act; perform; behave.

ORGANIZATION AND RELATIONSHIP (ZE–)

Zeze (N): Order; organization; arrangement; configuration.
Zeka (V): Organize; order; sort; arrange. Zika (*): Disorganize; mix; stir; scramble.
Zedo (D): Reverses the order of subject and object for a verb or preposition.
Zeku (D): Ranked; converts a cardinal number to an ordinal number.
Zeto (D): First; initial; original. Zito (*): Last; final.
Zeti (N): Start; beginning; first part. Ziti (*): End.
Zeso (D): Next; following. Ziso (*): Previous.
Zegu (N): Group; bunch; combination; set.
Zefi (N): List; sequence; series; queue.
Zega (N): Member; individual of a group.
Zese (N): System; process.
Zezu (D): Main; chief; principal; primary; capital. Zizu (*): Subordinate.
Zede (P): Of; pertaining to; related to; having a conceptual connection with.
Zedu (P): About; having a subject; having a topic.
Zeda (P): Depend on; be controlled by; rely on.
Zeko (P): If; under the condition that.
Zesa (D): But; however; although; despite. Zisa (*): So; therefore.
Zegi (P): With; along with; accompanied by. Zigi (*): Without.
Zepa (V): Have; own; possess.
Zeve (V): Give; contribute; donate; transfer; grant; provide; supply.
Zevo (V): Get; receive; acquire; gain; obtain. Zivo (*): Lose possession of.
Zefe (V): Meet; encounter.
Zetu (P): Except; not including; aside from.
Zepo (P): Instead of; on behalf of; in place of.
Zepi (N): Friend; buddy. Zipi (*): Enemy; rival.
Zeva (N): Family.
Zeta (V): Marry; become married to. Zita (*): Divorce.
Zete (N): Spouse.
Zefo (N): Parent. Zifo (*): Child; offspring.
Zefa (N): Sibling.
Zege (D): Public. Zige (*): Private; secret.

QUALITY (KE–)

Keke (N): Quality; characteristic; attribute.
Kegu (N): Category; kind; sort; type.
Ketu (N): Manner; method; way; mechanism; technique.
Kefe (N): Style; fashion; aesthetic.
Keva (N): Culture; ethnicity.
Keta (N): State; status; mode; phase; stage; version.
Kepe (N): Weather; climate.
Kezu (P): Like; similar to; having a quality pertaining to. Kizu (*): Unlike.
Kezo (N): Pattern; trend.
Keko (P): By means of; having a manner pertaining to; in accordance with; as though; as if.
Keti (D): Change; become different; transform.
Kefi (V): Change; alter; convert; cause to become different.
Keze (D): Seem to be; seemingly; ostensibly; appear to be. Kize (*): Seem unlike.
Keba (V): Fix; heal; repair; solve; resolve. Kiba (*): Damage; hurt.
Keda (D): Hot; warm. Kida (*): Cold; cool.
Kepi (D): Wet; damp; moist. Kipi (*): Dry.
Kedu (D): Clean. Kidu (*): Dirty.
Kebe (D): Safe; secure. Kibe (*): Unsafe; insecure; dangerous.
Kebi (D): Simple; easy; basic; plain. Kibi (*): Complex; difficult.
Keve (D): Nice; kind; generous; polite; pleasant. Kive (*): Unkind; mean; selfish.
Kesi (D): Cute; adorable.
Kevi (D): Popular; cool; famous. Kivi (*): Uncool; unpopular.
Kefo (D): Beautiful; pretty; attractive; gorgeous. Kifo (*): Ugly.
Kebu (D): Fancy; formal. Kibu (*): Casual.
Kepu (D): Gross; disgusting; nasty. Kipu (*): Appealing.
Kede (D): Brave; bold; courageous; confident. Kide (*): Cowardly.
Kedi (D): Crazy; mad; wild; ridiculous; silly. Kidi (*): Tame.
Kepa (D): Careful; alert; prudent; cautious; gentle; responsible. Kipa (*): Careless.
Keka (D): Clever; smart; intelligent. Kika (*): Unintelligent; dumb; stupid.
Kegi (D): Logical; reasonable. Kigi (*): Illogical; unreasonable.
Keza (D): Creative. Kiza (*): Uncreative.

TECHNOLOGY AND MEDIA (ZA–)

Zato (N): Tool; utensil; instrument; device; equipment.
Zase (N): Machine.
Zaso (N): Vehicle.
Zako (N): Outlet; spout; dispenser. Zuko (*): Inlet.
Zado (N): Lever.
Zafi (N): String; thread; lace; rope; wire; cable.
Zafe (N): Tape; ribbon; belt; band; strip.
Zazu (N): Building.
Zaze (N): Road; street.
Zadi (D): On; active; operating; functioning; have the capacity to work. Zudi (*): Off; inactive.
Zape (N): Radio; wireless communication.
Zake (N): Computer.
Zaki (N): Program; application; software; code.
Zasa (N): Phone; telephone.
Zadu (N): Web; internet.
Zaza (N): Clothing; clothes.
Zazo (V): Wear clothing.
Zaga (N): Furniture.
Zavu (N): Table.
Zasu (N): Bag; pocket; sack.
Zapi (N): Container; package; case.
Zapu (V): Cover; wrap. Zupu (*): Uncover; unwrap.
Zabo (N): Bowl; cup; bucket; basket; bin; pot.
Zabu (N): Bath; basin; tub; shower; sink; toilet.
Zate (V): Open. Zute (*): Close; shut.
Zada (D): Full; with no space remaining. Zuda (*): Empty.
Zatu (V): Lock. Zutu (*): Unlock.
Zati (N): Key; for locking and unlocking.
Zabi (V): Write; draw. Zubi (*): Erase.
Zafo (V): Read.
Zaka (N): Image; picture; photo; appearance.
Zaku (N): Video; movie; film.
Zavi (N): Mark.
Zava (N): Symbol; letter; digit; character.
Zavo (N): Text; script.
Zapa (N): Book.
Zave (N): Mail; letter.
Zata (N): News; tabloid.

SOCIETY AND WORK (VA–)

Vadu (N): Country; nation; state; territory.
Vagu (N): Town; village; city.
Vape (N): Money; currency.
Vapo (N): Price; cost; fee.
Vave (V): Pay; give money; spend. Vuve (*): Accept payment.
Vavo (V): Buy; purchase. Vuvo (*): Sell.
Vazu (N): Shop; store; restaurant.
Vazo (N): Company; business; enterprise.
Vadi (V): Work on; operate; function; do something productive.
Vade (V): Practice; exercise; train.
Vada (D): Busy; preoccupied; engaged. Vuda (*): Idle.
Vado (N): Job; occupation; career; duty; responsibility; profession.
Vavu (D): Rest; relax.
Vaku (D): Imperative; please. Vuku (*): Please do not.
Vako (V): Control; drive; manage; operate; regulate.
Vake (V): Capture; trap. Vuke (*): Release.
Vagi (V): Let; allow; permit. Vugi (*): Forbid.
Vage (D): Free. Vuge (*): Constrained.
Vapi (V): Suggest; recommend; advise; direct; guide; lead; propose.
Vapa (V): Demand; request; ask for; order; command. Vupa (*): Request not.
Vapu (V): Fight; attack; compete with; battle. Vupu (*): Defend; protect.
Vase (N): Government; authority; committee; council; regime.
Vaka (N): Rule; regulation; law; policy.
Vaza (N): Religion.
Vatu (D): Should; ought to. Vutu (*): Should not.
Vato (D): Fair; just; right. Vuto (*): Unfair.

FOOD (FA–)

Fadi (N): Food; fuel.
Fapi (N): Drink; beverage.
Fapo (N): Alcohol.
Fagi (N): Dessert; treat; candy.
Fapa (N): Vegetable.
Fasi (N): Fruit.
Fadu (N): Potato.
Fava (N): Grain.
Fave (N): Wheat.
Favi (N): Rice.
Fate (N): Corn.
Fasa (N): Tomato.
Fape (N): Meat; flesh; muscle.
Fazi (N): Sugar.
Faza (N): Salt.
Fade (N): Bread; cake; pastry.
Faba (N): Coffee.
Fage (N): Milk.
Fafu (N): Pasta.
Fagu (N): Cheese.
Fato (V): Eat; drink; consume.
Fati (V): Bite; chew.
Favo (V): Digest.
Favu (N): Dish; plate; tray.
Fada (D): Cook; bake.